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Seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals Essays

Seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals Essays Seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals Essay Seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals Essay Restraint methods in psychiatric hospitals Nurses have a responsibility to protect patients from injuries. This responsibility, however, can be challenging especially when for patients with mental illness. Most mentally ill patients may suffer from confusion, delirium, and restlessness due to persistent pain, sleep deprivation, drug withdrawal, and other underlying factors. As a result, they may show restless behaviours such as throwing things around, attempting to get out of their beds, removing catheters, and hitting those around them. To ensure their safety and that of others, health care providers may decide to use physical restraints. The use of restraints, however, is associated with a range of harmful impacts such as depression, pressure ulcers, severe injuries, and death. This paper provides a summary of two articles to help in the understanding of how previous studies approached the topic at hand, which examines the use of restraints in Jamaican mental health. Restraint use in psychiatric hospitals The first study, conducted by Raguan, Efrat and Gil (2015), investigates the prevalence of the use of physical restraints in acute care. The study establishes whether restrictions were utilized more at night and patient risk factors for their use. The study employs a cross-sectional observational design that is performed in the medical, surgical, and intensive care units of a middle-level general hospice (Raguan et al., 2015). A total of 2163 participants were included in the study, out of which 66 were restrained while 205 were included as a control group. The study consisted of 10 observations, which were made during the 3-month period. The results of the survey indicate restraint use was 3.5% (95%CI = 2.79-4.37%). The findings also suggest that the use of restraints is more common during night shifts than during day shifts (4.40% versus 2.56%, P= 0.03). The change in the later is because of several reasons. First, the prevalence of delirium is more frequent at night than in the da y. Second, family members are less likely to accompany patients at night, thus encouraging the use of restraints. The findings also indicate that comorbidity factors such as old age, care dependence, and mechanical ventilation as significant risk factors for restraint use. One of the strengths of the study is that it utilizes data collected from direct observation and a systematic review of patient records. The major limitations, however, is that the survey used a descriptive design, which makes it rather difficult to infer causality. Wynn (2015), on the other hand, conducts a review of the literature to examine the use of restraint in Adult psychiatric hospitals across Norway. The author performs an electronic literature search for peer-reviewed articles that consist of data on patient restrictions collected from Norway adult psychiatric care facilities. A total of 28 articles met the criteria and were included. A majority of the studies assessed the rates of physical restraints, a few focused on the perceptions of patients and care providers regarding physical restraints, while other were either case or ethnographic studies of patients subjected to restraints. The study found that the use if restraints varied between wards and medical institutions, which may be due to differences in patient populations. All the studies included in the review warned against the numerous physical complications associated with the use of restraints in patients. Restraints cause trauma and immobilization to the legs, which may resul t in thrombosis. The use of restraints in patients who are in a vulnerable position with a considerable weight load on the trunk may as well contribute to asphyxiation. The major strength of the study is that most of the reviewed articles employed fair methodological quality, resulting in consistent results with those of previous literature. The major limitation, however, is that the study used a relatively small number of published articles in the field, thus limiting the extent to which the results could be generalizable. References Raguan, B., Efrat, W. Gil, E. (2015). Use of Physical Restraints in a General Hospital: a Cross-Sectional Observational Study. International Journal of Medical Association, 17 (2015):633-638. Wynn, R. (2015). The Use of Physical Restraint in Norwegian Adult Psychiatric Hospitals. Psychiatry Journal, 1-11.

Wal-Marts Sustainability Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Wal-Marts Sustainability Strategy - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Wal-Mart is one of the most successful groups with operations in 27 countries, has more than 10,000 stores with different departments and employs over 2 million people. The aim was to improve the lives of the people by saving their money while making the profit through reduced expenses and improved management. They operate as supercenters, food and drug store, restaurants, general merchandise stores, warehouse clubs, small markets, discount stores human and cash and carry stores. Its strategic management has been based on five principles: resource development, reduced expenses, online shopping services, satisfied customers and social and environmental responsibility.These have led to the rapid growth in revenue, customer base, and workforce. Like any other large international companies, there need to develop a proper management strategy to ensure the business fulfills its mission. The company employs over two million employees across the world and has been accused of violating their rights. According to Marshall, their employees went on strike in Los Angeles after several months of trying to reach out to the company’s executives with success. Prior to this strike, there was also the demonstration in other regions, with the employees complaining of low wages, health risk, and poor treatment while at work. There has been the case of a firing of workers that are actively involved in their trade union OUR Wal-Mart. OUR Wal-Mart has filed several cases on unfair treatment of the workers Such as termination, warnings or reduced working hours. Most complaints seem to be a strategy by the executives to reduce the cost of labor and eventually reducing the operational cost. The reduction in expenses is supposed to increase sales and revenue. Staff reduction can hinder proper management of day to day activities in the stores as well as in factories. Each outlet has different management and this has worsened the situation, some stores lac k proper safety facilities, do not give employment contract to their employees, and poor sanitation.